Sicily and Naples are acquired by the French count Charles I of Naples. Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors.The Kingdom of Sicily goes to French Anjou house. End of Hohenstaufen dynasty at the Battle of Tagliacozzo.A period of civil unrest, SturlungaГ¶ld, leads to Iceland becoming part of the Kingdom of Norway.Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia.Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam. Г–gedei Khan establishes a Mongolian dynasty in China.Norway cedes the Isle of Man to Scotland, following the signing of the Treaty of Perth.James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia.

Persian historian Rashid al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.

Bantu-speaking peoples arrive in modern Angola, partially displacing the original Khoisan inhabitants.

1291 - The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.

1284 - Peterhouse founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.

1282 - Aragon acquires Sicily, after the Sicilian Vespers.

1279, the Battle of Yamen marks the fall of the Chinese Song Dynasty and the rise of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty led by Khublai Khan.

Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238 AD, Song Dynasty.

1270 - Restoration of Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia, deposing the Zagwe dynasty.

1260 - the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks in the Battle of Ain Jalut.

1259 - the Mongol ruler MГ¶ngke Khan is killed in battle by a Chinese cannon blast at Fishing Town, Chongqing, located in southwestern China.

The last Abbasid ruler Al-Musta'sim is executed by means of trampling horses.

1258 - Baghdad (Iraq), seat of the Muslim Abbasid dynasty, is besieged and burnt to the ground by the forces of the Mongol commander Hulagu Khan.

He published a detailed monograph of the shipping industry and maritime economy of China's seaports during his tenure there.

1250- 1275 - the Arab or Persian born Muslim Kuwabara ( Chinese: Pu Shou-geng) was appointed by the Song Dynasty Chinese government as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou.

1249 - End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.

Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Malaysia.

1238 - The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.

1234 - the Jin Dynasty of northeastern China is conquered by the forces of the Mongol ruler Г–gedei Khan.

1227 - Genghis Khan dies during the prolonged siege of the Western Xia Dynasty capital (located in northwestern China), while the Tangut Western Xia Dynasty falls soon after.

1222 - Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which afferms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.

1215 - King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede.

1212 - The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia sees the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, with the defeat of Moorish forces.

1206 - Mongols united under TemГјjin, who is proclaimed ' one Khan'.

1205 - Battle of Adrianople: Tsar Kaloyan with his army crushed the (otherwise unbeaten) Fourth Crusade's knights and the soldiers of Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople who was attacking Bulgarian lands with the goal to conquer them.

1204 - Fourth Crusade sacks Byzantine Constantinople and creates the Latin Empire.

1199 - Pope Innocent III writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite the Bulgarian Church with the Roman Catholic Church.

They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing horse archers. The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran most of Asia, thus creating the largest empire to ever exist.

3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions.

Anno domini 1257 crusade